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The War Of The Cold War - 886 Words

Over the course of 45 years, The U.S and the U.S.S.R went head to head in an infamous battle against ideologies: The Cold War. Even though war took place during this time, both powers were not involved in battle directly, hence the name cold war. The war mainly consisted of assumed and implied threats of nuclear attacks and political control over states in Europe. Even before 1945, the beginning of the Cold War, tension brewed between the U.S and the U.S.S.R. Both sides had differing views on Europe s state after the war. For instance, programs like the Marshall Plan, funded by the U.S in an attempt to re-industrialize Germany and other war-torn nations, was rejected by the Soviet Union for reasons such as America imposing capitalist ideals across Europe, and the leftover resentment the Soviet Union had for Germany from the war. Unlike any war before it, the cold war did not claim the lives of civilians, it claimed their minds. Split between East and West Europe, people were forced u nder the ruling of two opposing forces, living in constant tension and fear of war breaking out. A war which would be the war to end all wars, and, resultantly, the word. People in America lived in fear of communist invasion spurring on the Red Scare while those living in Eastern Europe were subjected to the tyrannical rule of Joseph Stalin and his predecessors. The relationship between the U.S and the U.S.S.R was bipolar; each side held equal power and were supported by states with similarShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political and military tension stemming from World War II fought primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the start and end dates of the Cold War are frequently disputed over, it is generally accepted that the conflict started at the conclusion of the Second World War and stemmed from the social climate and lingering tensions in Europe and the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union and the United States. Along with economic separationRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold war lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The Unit ed States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War757 Words   |  4 PagesAs tensions continued to augment profoundly throughout the latter half of the Cold War period, they brought forth a movement from a previous bipolar conflicting course, to one of a more multipolar nature. These tensions were now not only restricted to the Soviet Union and United states, but amongst multiple other nations of the globe. It became a general consensus that a notion of ‘peace’ was sought globally, hence, the emergence of dà ©tente. The nature of this idea in the short term conveyed itselfRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War961 Words   |  4 Pages1945, beginning year of the Cold War. The development of cold war just started afte r the end of world War ||. The cold war was the result of conflict between two powerful country Soviet Union and United State. The war was regarding to the lead the world after the World War ||. The Soviet Union wanted to emerge its power to the world and so do the United States too. The research paper mainly focused on various reasons of opposition of two great power of the world Soviets and United States of AmericaRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1737 Words   |  7 Pages Cold War The Cold War, which is often dated from 1945 to 1989, was a constant state of political and military tension between powers in the West, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the East, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. The development of Nuclear Weapons and long range shooting missiles by the United States gave a lot of fear and caused mass destruction. The Cold War came about after World War II when America used their atomic bombsRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War consist of tensions between the Soviets and the U.S. vying for dominance, and expansion throughout the world. Their complete different ideologies and vision of the postwar prevented them from working together. Stalin wants to punish Germany and make them pay outrageous sum of money for reparation. However, Truman has a different plan than Stalin. Truman believes that industrialization and democracy in Germany and throughout th e world would ensure postwar stability. Stalin also wantedRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War942 Words   |  4 PagesFeelings Do Matter At the close of World War Two in 1945, the United States entered another kind of war, the Cold War, which did not involve two adversaries in open battle fields using bullets against the Soviet Union. Throughout the Cold War, incidents fueled feelings of anxiety, mistrust and pride. Often pride is defined as â€Å"a feeling that you are more important or better than other people† (Pride). Mistrust on the other hand is the â€Å"feeling that someone is not honest and cannot be trusted†,Read MoreThe War Of The Cold War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. learned greatly after having been declared the victor of the Cold War. Retired four-star U.S. Army general Colin Powell said, â€Å"The long bitter years of the Cold War are over. America and her allies have won; totally, decisively, and overwhelmingly† (Reed 343). The Cold War started after World War II in 1947 and ended in 1991. The U.S. underwent a political war with the Soviet Union in hopes of advancing more rapidly in certain fields, such as nuclear weapons and space crafts. Avoiding nuclearRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1244 Words   |  5 PagesBoos echoed throughout the streets of Harlem, New York in great waves of disapproval. Hippies holding up signs supporting peace, and posters opposing the Vietnam War, otherwise known as the Cold War, greeted the tired and injured soldiers. The familiarity of their hometown created a sense of peace and warmth, despite the angry cries of protest from the enraged nonconformists. As loved ones embraced their fighters, chants of outrage broke out from the hippies, and the soldiers, relieved to be homeRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesDuring World War II, the United States, Britain, and Russia all worked together to take down Hitler. Although after the war, the coordination between the U.S. and Russia became extremely tense which inevitably lead to the Cold War. The U.S. was worried that Russia would spread communism after World War II. Russia was concerned with the U.S. arms increase and intervention in international affairs. The distrust between the two nations resulted in the Cold war which lasted until 1991. In 1946, Winston

Concept of Environmental Impact Assessment-Samples for Students

Question: Critically evaluate the Environmental Impact assessment system in either an Australian State or Country of your choice. Answer: Introduction This essay clearly explains the concept of Environmental impact assessment (EIA), it procedure and the how it is assessed in South Australia. The EIA of South Australia will be then compared with the Environmental Impact assessment of UK. This essay follows a thought process of describing the concept and its procedures first and then discussing the way it is implemented. Environmental impact assessment is that process that identifies the social, environmental, and economic impacts of a proposal and helps in identification of right methods that can be used to reduce the impact. It facilitates submissions on that proposal. In section 46 to 48 of the development, act 1993 major development or projects are prescribed. Discussion After the declaration of SA minister logged an application for the referral to the Development assessment commission. In this development process, DAC is responsible for determining the level of assessment that is required to be applied to the proposed development. Information gathering: screening, scoping consideration of alternatives are the steps in this segment, the companies before beginning a project has to understand what kind of impact the development will have on the environment as well as the significance of those impacts has to be analyzed. If the answer of the previous question is yes then EIA is required to be implemented. This is the screening process, next is scoping where the issues are discussed this stage deals with the second half of the aforementioned question. This process helps the company channelize the resources in the proper direction to keep up with issue. Important assessment and mitigation measures: this involves the impact prediction and impact assessment followed by the mitigation process that is required. After collecting information the prediction of the alterations are analyzed followed by the assessment to make policies and formulate strategies to combat the issue. The assessment process helps to come to a conclusion and solution to the problem as well. Mitigation is the implementation of the measures. A mitigation measures design is regarded to be successful when it eliminates all the environmental impacts. The result of an EIA is usually in form of a formal document this is known as anenvironmental impact statement(EIS). On the other hand, In EIA procedure of United Kingdom the emphasis is given to the requirement of preliminary consultation by the developer with the bodies that take interest in the impact of the proposal of development. The intention behind the preliminary consultation is to avoid major issues that might bec ome hindrance in the later stages of the development process (Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK, 2017) Review and report: In South Australia the relevant authority carries out the review process. The review procedure should allow the decision-maker to decide whether the EIS is sufficient for example: is the format legally compliant or not, whether the information is sufficient, and whether it is balanced. One thing that is different from the EIA procedure of South Australia is prior consultation is given importance. This done ensure that the site can be selected. The developers then put up an application for any development project. The developers and the authorities discuss the scope of the environmental statement before the project is started. The federal EIA regime in South Australia has three stages the first being the referral, the second being the assessment and the third is approval Referral Actions proposed by any one which have a considerate impact on a particular matter that is protected under part 3 of EPBC Act, generally they are needed until the action has been dropped so that the details can be referred of actions to the federal environment minister. Whenever any referral is made it is very important that the minister approves the action. For this the minister has to determine that the action has significant impact on part 3 of the EPBC Act. This decision is called as controlled action decision and if it needs approval then it is called controlled action. While taking decisions there are three choices that the minister has, the action is a controlled action, the action is not a controlled action or the action is not a controlled action has been carried out in a certain way. Assessment When the action is taken as a controlled action the minister needs to take a decision on how the action will be assessed. As per the EPBC act there are five options for assessment. Actions are also assessed by a method of another accredited federal process, or by state of territory process. Approval After the completion of assessment the minister is required to take decision on whether action can be approved or not. The minister considers the economic and social factors, that are related to the action and the impact it puts on the environment. After the action is given approval the minister attaches the enforceable conditions for protection, repair and to mitigation of damage to the issue that helped the approval requirement. For EIA approval of any development proposal in UK a detailed Environmental Impact Statement has to be submitted to the Local planning authority. In environmental statement, the description of the impacts including the nature of the impacts has to be stated. The developer also needs to provide alternative approaches of the proposed development projects. Another important aspect of the EIA procedure of UK is that even if the local planning authority has adopted a scoping decision the developer is help responsible for the contents of the Environmental statement. The Planning authority has the power to seek additional information about the environmental statement if he thinks that the provided information is not adequate. In that case it is the responsibility of the developers to provide the required information. Before sending the environmental statement to the Secretary of State, in Wales, the National Assembly, it has be ensured that there should be no conflict or disagreement betwee n the developer and the planning authority. It is the duty of the developers to see at the early stage that whether the assessment environmental impact is needed in any other European Community Directive like the Habitat Directive, the integrated pollution and control directive or the control of Major hazards Directive. The stages of EIA of UK are, Screening, Scoping, Preparation of Environmental statement, Making planning application and consultation and finally decision making (Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK, 2017). Environmental impact assessment of Seismic operations on Otway Basin Otway basin South Australia is a region in South Australia that is a rich source for petroleum, the petroleum province covers both onshore and offshore parts of South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. From early 1960s, seismic explorations have occurred in the basin, it has been the primary tool for petroleum. In the last 15 years initiatives were taken for raising awareness for environment, management in petroleum exploration and technological improvements. Description of seismic operations The seismic activities lets the explorer, to check the surface below and find the regions where the oil and gas might have accumulated. The seismic technology requires energy sources like, vibrator trucks or buried explosive charges. Sound waves are caused by energy sources, these waves pass through the earth and are reflected back to the earth subsurface. The reflections are then recorded in digital format and then sent to the seismic data processing centre so that cross section of the layers of the earth crust is produced (Biswas Agarwal, 2013). Processes that creates risks for the natural environment Property management during surveys Most of the land in the South East region that is used for cultivated, cleared for pastoral, horticultural and agricultural needs. In order to conduct an effective survey there is a need for detailed interaction with the land users. There are short term impact that are caused by the vehicles that cross the pastoral and agricultural lands which can be prevented or minimized with the help of a proper communication with the land users. There are no such long tern impact. Activities in line preparation equipment Seismic operations need ground along the lines in order to make way for the vehicles to pass along and for better installation of geophones so that one can get satisfactory outcomes. While carrying out the process the vegetation of the area has to be removed. The wheel tracks of the trucks cause ruts and soil compaction. The procedure of recording seismic data includes Planning, surveying, campsites, recording, weathering layer, line checking and line preparation. Operation of drilling equipment Large vehicles like, drilling rigs and water trucks that operate along the seismic lines and drill holes to depths of up to 30 m in the Otway Basin. If the depth has to be as per Dilwyn Formation is less than what is required then there are chances that aquifer can be breached. If the holes are not cemented properly there are chances that large animals might injure their legs. Operation of energy sources Operational processes that includes vibrator trucks causes nuisance and dust pollution. Use of campsites Campsite operations are risky to the land as it causes pollution from the oil spills, septic tanks and rubbish. These are minor impact because the site can be replaced to another location (Glasson, Therivel Chadwick, 2013). Operations on public roads The vehicles used for seismic operations add to the local traffic thus adding to the pollution. There are risks to the public safety. Drilling activities Drilling activities cause soil disturbance and cause harm to the fauna because the holes are getting exposed due to the subsidence of tampering material. Fuel and oil spills Lubricating oils, hydraulic oils and fuels are elements that are required in daily operations, there are chances of oil and fuel spills, this occurs while refueling or servicing vehicles and when the vehicles breaks because of wear and tear (Bond et al., 2014). Crew vehicles and footwear New weeds are introduced along with other threats that occur in wherever there is presence of seismic crew in the natural environment. Impacts on social and economic environment Seismic operations cause disturbance to the local community and their resources are hampered, like the buildings are damaged due to the seismic activities. The movement of traffic is slowed because of the seismic lines crossing the public roads. Noise, air quality, groundwater pollution and diseases are some of the problems caused by seismic operations. If fire is not controlled it can cause severe damage to the community thus harming the lives of people and their resources. Other impact include disturbance to the aboriginal heritage, like archaeological and ethnographic. Cultural disturbances include, disturbances to geological monuments, buildings and community facilities (Bond et al., 2014). Disturbance caused to nearby lands Surveys do not cause long-lasting effect on a number of users of the nearby land during the seismic activities. The long-term impact is very less and it requires some rehabilitation. The impact can be reduced through consulting and cooperating with the land users. The impact depends upon the season and cycle of the agriculture. When there is cropping season the impact can be more severe, in harvesting season the crops can be affected by the pollution caused by seismic operations. Impact on forestry The forest owner has to decide how much of the land can be given for seismic operations. A significant increase in the areas that are planted with Tasmanian blue Gum with many non-local resident owners has caused difficulties, because the management requires space and operators as per the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000. A significant amount of impact can be seen in the vineyard operations and horticulture. Environmental Impact assessment of UK An example of similar project can be taken to understand the difference of the EIA process of South Australia and UK. The first stage of EIA is the Scoping and Consultation. In Shafag Asiman Offshore Block 3D seismic Exploration Survey of UK internal scoping was done first. Since the developers were BP and SOCAR, State oil company of Azerbaijan. BP. did the internal scoping. An Environemntal and Social screening workshop was also conducted on 31st August 2010. Representatives from both UK and Azerbaijan were present in the workshops. The main objective for conducting the workshop was to identify the social and environmental impacts associated with Shafag Asiman seismic survey activities. The next step the assessment was scoping and Consultation with Authorities. A public consultation meeting was also held in Baku in the month of September 2011. (Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK, 2017). Conclusion After comparing the procedure of Environmental Impact assessment of South Australia with that of UK it can be concluded that in the impact assessment process of UK is lot more detailed than South Australia. A lot of emphasis is given to the preliminary phases of the process. The local planning authority holds has the authority to accept or reject any proposal. Detailed information has to be given in the environmental impact statement. At times the developers are required to provide additional information if what provided is inadequate. While the EIA process of South Australia can be divided into three main stages, Referral, Approval and Assessment. The EIA of UK mainly tries to prevent complications in the later stages by focusing on the EIS in the initial stages. From the example of Shafag Asiman Seismic exploration, it is very clear that approach of UK and Azerbaijan for identifying the impacts were quite effective. Measures like internal scoping, environmental and social impact wo rkshops and public consultation were taken. These measures were intended to identify the impacts of the seismic exploration. Similar measures are required to be followed by the EIA authorities of South Australia with the help of the developers or any project. References Biswas, A. K., Agarwal, S. B. C. (Eds.). (2013).Environmental impact assessment for developing countries. Elsevier. Bond, A., Pope, J., Morrison-Saunders, A., Retief, F., Gunn, J. A. (2014). Impact assessment: Eroding benefits through streamlining?.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,45, 46-53. Deng, X., Hu, Y., Deng, Y., Mahadevan, S. (2014). Environmental impact assessment based on D numbers.Expert Systems with Applications,41(2), 635-643. Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK. (2017).Gov.uk. Retrieved 10 November 2017, from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/environmental-impact-assessment Glasson, J., Therivel, R., Chadwick, A. (2013).Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. How major development applications are assessed. (2017).sa.gov.au. Retrieved 5 November 2017, from https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/land-and-property-development/building-and-property-development-applications/major-development-applications-and-assessments/how-major-development-applications-are-assessed Smith, L. G. (2014).Impact assessment and sustainable resource management. Routledge. Vanclay, F. (2015). Changes in the impact assessment family 20032014: implications for considering achievements, gaps and future directions.Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management,17(01), 1550003. Xia, T., Nitschke, M., Zhang, Y., Shah, P., Crabb, S., Hansen, A. (2015). Traffic-related air pollution and health co-benefits of alternative transport in Adelaide, South Australia.Environment international,74, 281-290.

Miss Selfridge Fashion Forecasting Report free essay sample

Textile trade fairs confirmed the choices made for the seasons` prints and fabrics, also enabling Miss Selfridge to collect unique, affordable additions to its range and at the same time follow the styles invented by reputable fashion designers. The high street trading environment was closely analysed according to the PEST factors. According to the survey and this analysis the main competitor of Miss Selfridge was Zara and River Island, both of which target the same customers and have very similar price range. In this competitive economic environment making the right decisions were crucial to the success and survival of the business. After all of the resources were taken into consideration three trends were chosen to represent the Miss Selfridge style in 2012. While the target customer for this company is in her 20s, these trends have the potential to bring in a wider customer range because they are very versatile and different. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Selfridge Fashion Forecasting Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Choosing three trends instead of one also gave an advantage to Miss Selfridge compared to other retailers; it enabled the company to develop an affordable yet diverse range which is based on multiple styles and colours from the catwalk. The chosen trends were Amazon Queen (for customers aged 18-40, Hand Made (for all ages) and Colour Coated (for the daring fashionistas aged under 30). The colours are the essence of the spring summer season in 2012. As Leatrice Eiseman, the executive director of the Pantone Colour Institute said : â€Å" consumers look to spring for renewed energy, optimism and the promise of a brighter day. â€Å" This is especially true in London as the great island does not often get a sunny weather. Miss Selfridge`s colour palette will deliver in every aspect, and while it follows the â€Å"catwalk shades† it will incorporate some new hues that will make the range unique /bright magenta, tangerine, amazon green/. The garments follow the silhouettes seen on the fashion weeks, the signature styles are asymmetric hemlines, rounded shoulders, cropped tops and hot pants. The skirts are either skin tight or light weight and flowing. To give the company a competitive edge, this year Miss Selfridge was advised to focus on a new, unique selling point: the use of British textiles and resources. The fabrics used for the new trends should be sourced locally with minimal travel undertaken, therefore reducing pollution to the environment and advertise sustainable living and eco-fashion. As the brand launched a major initiative named â€Å"Fashion Footprints† in 2007 this will serve as a great reminder that Miss Selfridge is an eco-conscious retailer. This will draw attention to the company again and will attract very different-minded, completely new customers. Making profit As the business environment is constantly changing every company that wants to be successful and make profit needs to understand and examine the three components of market evolution: the way in which customers adopt new products, the evolution and acceptance of technology and the impact of competition. Brassington, 2006, p. 350/ The lifecycle of a product changes according to the changes in customer behaviour so predicting and anticipating the target audience`s reaction is crucial. The concept of the diffusion of innovation (Rogers, 1962) analyse the speed at which a new innovation – product – sweeps across the market as a whole. It is also very effective in the classificatio n of customers depending on their speed of adoption. For Miss Selfridge the Innovators are the â€Å"shopaholic fashion followers†, who devote time and money to achieve the â€Å"just off the catwalk† look when the new season starts. Innovators are not the usual high street shoppers; they belong to a high social class with financial background to afford often couture, designer items. They are going help to get the product off the ground and in the process of gaining acceptance. They are the first â€Å"adverts† for the spring summer styles of 2012. Miss Selfridge`s Early adopters are the mid-20s high shoppers who are enthusiastic about fashion and while buying designer items they also visit high street stores. All the 3 trend developed will appeal to these customers who will have a major role in maximizing profit. They are also the ones who spread word-of-mouth recommendations about value, quality and benefits and together with the innovators they are the best advertisement for the company. The developed trends will thrive as the mass market builds up with the Early majority customers entering the process. By this time the season`s and Miss Selfridge`s new prints, fabrics and fashion forward styles will be well known which creates a social pressure: customers who are yet to invest in the season`s new hits will want to have them soon and will not be likely to wait until the prices come down. According to the results of the survey that Miss Selfridge conducted most of its customers belongs to this category. According to careful prediction the percentage of the company`s Late majority customers will be very low this season due to the affordable pricing and tempting, sleek designs. By the time the Late adopters enter the market and most of the sales begin Miss Selfridge will be in the process of developing and presenting the next season`s lines and the whole circle begins again. The adoption process models of Rogers (1962 and 1983) and Robertson (1971) reflect the psychological process that each customers go through when choosing an innovation. This is the process that all the customers – innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority – have in common. According to Roger`s theory the customer first gains KNOWLEDGE ( same as the stage AWARENESS in Roger`s 1962 model). Without this no product has any chance of surviving. For the Innovators this usually happens at the season`s first fashion shows or exhibitions.

Theories Of Patriarchy Essays - Gender Studies, Feminist Theory

Theories Of Patriarchy Essays - Gender Studies, Feminist Theory Theories Of Patriarchy This is an A grade essay Assess the claim that gender inequalities in the domestic and occupational divisions of labour are best understood with reference to the concept of patriarchy. You should illustrate your answer with reference to a range of feminist perspectives. Introduction Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the womens subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the womens movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities - in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labour. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would have been impossible to write this essay thirty years ago. Feminist Theory and Patriarchy Although patriarchy is arguably the oldest example of a forced or exploitative division of social activities and clearly existed before it was ever examined by sociologists, the features of patriarchy had been accepted as natural (biological) in substance. It was not until feminists in the 1960s began to explore the features and institutions of patriarchy, that the power of the concept to explain womens subordinate position in society was proven (Seidman, 1994) . The feminist engagement with theories of patriarchy criticised pre-existing theoretical positions and their ideological use, tracing theoretical progenitors of popular views about gender, gender roles etc (Cooper, 1995; Raymond, 1980). Developing theories to explain how gender inequalities have their roots in ideologies of gender difference and a hierarchical gender order, feminist theoretical concepts of patriarchy are able to explain and challenge gender inequality and the gendered division of labour in the private and social spheres (Seidman, 1994). They have done this by challenging concepts of gender, the family and the unequal division of labour underpinned by a theory of patriarchy that has come to reveal how it operates to subordinate women and privilege men, often at womens expense. Patriarchy, Structure and Gender Inequality Walby (1990) reveals how patriarchy operates to achieve and maintain the gender inequalities essential for the subordination of women. Crucially for this essay, she shows how it can operate differently in the private and public domain but toward the same end. She identifies patriarchy as having diverse forms of and relationships between its structures in the public and private spheres, and yet still operates in a related fashion. Walbys explanation sees the household and household production as being a key site of womens subordination but acknowledges that the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the concept of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between womens subordination in the private and public arenas by showing that they work equally to achieve this subordination as well as supporting, reflecting and maintaining patriarchy itself. Firstly, Walby points out that the structures of patriarchy differ in their form. The household has a different structure to other institutional forms, e.g., the workplace. This is an important point because if feminist theories of patriarchy are to stand they must show that patriarchy operates to the same end in both the private and public sphere, even if it uses different strategies, otherwise it could not be the main reason for the continuing inequality of women in both the private and public sphere. Walby shows that within

Bond Dissociation Energy Definition

Bond Dissociation Energy Definition Bond dissociation energy is defines as the amount of energy which is required to homolytically fracture a chemical bond. A homolytic fracture usually produces radical species. Shorthand notation for this energy is BDE,  D0, or  DH °. Bond dissociation energy is often used as a measure of the strength of a chemical bond and to compare different bonds. Note the enthalpy change is temperature dependent. Typical units of bond dissociation energy are kJ/mol or kcal/mol. Bond dissociation energy may be measured experimentally using spectrometry, calorimetry, and electrochemical methods. Key Takeaways: Bond Dissociation Energy Bond dissociation energy is the energy required to break a chemical bond.It is one means of quantifying the strength of a chemical bond.Bond dissociation energy equals bond energy only for diatomic molecules.The strongest bond dissociation energy is for the Si-F bond. The weakest energy is for a covalent bond and is comparable to the strength of intermolecular forces. Bond Dissociation Energy Versus Bond Energy Bond dissociation energy is only equal to bond energy for diatomic molecules. This is because the bond dissociation energy is the energy of a single chemical bond, while bond energy is the average value for all the bond dissociation energies of all bonds of a certain type within a molecule. For example, consider removing successive hydrogen atoms from a methane molecule. The first bond dissociation energy is 105 kcal/mol, second is 110 kcal/mol, third is 101 kcal/mol, and final is 81 kcal/mol. So, the bond energy is the average of the bond dissociation energies, or 99 kcal/mol. In fact, the bond energy doesnt equal the bond dissociation energy for any of the C-H bonds in the methane molecule! The Strongest and Weakest Chemical Bonds From bond dissociation energy, its possible to determine which chemical bonds are strongest and which are weakest. The strongest chemical bond is the Si-F bond. The bond dissociation energy for F3Si-F is 166 kcal/mol, while the bond dissociation energy for H3Si-F is 152 kcal/mol. Th reason the Si-F bond is believed to be so strong is because there is a significant electronegativity difference between the two atoms. The carbon-carbon bond in acetylene also has a high bond dissociation energy of 160 kcal/mol. The strongest bond in a neutral compound is 257 kcal/mol in carbon monoxide. There is no particular weakest bond dissociation energy because weak covalent bonds actually have energy comparable to that of intermolecular forces. Generally speaking, the weakest chemical bonds are those between noble gases and transition metal fragments. The smallest measured bond dissociation energy is between atoms in the helium dimer, He2. The dimer is held together by the van der Waals force and has a bond dissociation energy of 0.021 kcal/mol. Bond Dissociation Energy Versus Bond Dissociation Enthalpy Sometimes the terms bond dissociation energy and bond dissociation enthalpy are used interchangeably. However, the two are not necessarily the same. The bond dissociation energy is the enthalpy change at 0 K. The bond dissociation enthalpy, sometimes simply called bond enthalpy, is the enthalpy change at 298 K. Bond dissociation energy is favored for theoretical work, models, and computations. Bond enthalpy is used for thermochemistry. Note that most of the time the values at the two temperatures are not significantly different. So, even though enthalpy does depend on temperatures, ignoring the effect doesnt usually have a big impact on calculations. Homolytic and Heterolytic Dissociation The definition of bond dissociation energy is for homolytically broken bonds. This refers to a symmetrical break in a chemical bond. However, bonds can break asymmetrically or heterolytically. In the gas phase, the energy released for a heterolytic break is larger than for homolysis. If a solvent is present, the energy value drops dramatically. Sources Blanksby, S.J.; Ellison, G.B. (April 2003). Bond dissociation energies of organic molecules. Accounts of Chemical Research. 36 (4): 255–63. doi:10.1021/ar020230dIUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book) (1997).Gillespie, Ronald J. (July 1998). Covalent and Ionic Molecules: Why Are BeF2 and AlF3 High Melting Point Solids whereas BF3 and SiF4 Are Gases?. Journal of Chemical Education. 75 (7): 923. doi:10.1021/ed075p923Kalescky, Robert; Kraka, Elfi; Cremer, Dieter (2013). Identification of the Strongest Bonds in Chemistry. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 117 (36): 8981–8995. doi:10.1021/jp406200wLuo, Y.R. (2007). Comprehensive handbook of chemical bond energies. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-7366-4.

AI Week 13 Eye moving DB 153 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AI Week 13 Eye moving DB 153 - Essay Example Various governments have limited fiscal budgets and pressure (Feldstein, 2011). This is because it has to take care for the health of the aging population. Shifting the cost to the public only increases the level of taxes and affects the finances of various households. Such costs could be unsustainable for the lower and average income earners. There are disparities in the level of income for different household individuals. The public consists of a majority of average income earners. If the cost of health care for high-risk employees shifts to the public, then high-income earners should make the biggest contribution. Genetic factors cause most affected employees to inherit some chronic diseases. Such health care plans make the employees feel some form of discrimination from their employers. Employers should treat all the employees with equality regardless of their health background. The employers should instead make health care policies affordable for all the employees. Relevant authorities need to regulate insurance companies in the creation of their health care policies (Feldstein, 2011). The regulations should require the companies to provide insurance covers at normal charges. The employees should seek routine checkups from their healthcare providers to put their condition under control. The employers should avoid any form of discrimination in the determination of the health benefits. Shifting the public health care cost to the public could be unfair for both low and average income

Euthansasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Euthansasia - Essay Example The thing that was brought to notice from the acceptance of euthanasia in some regions like Oregon (United States) can be considered as the harsh truth. The practice of euthanasia even results in assistance of death to those who aim for suicide even though their ailment is chiefly depression and not painful physical condition. Several other wrong practices find their way under the roof of euthanasia, which becomes crucial to be addressed with prominence of attention. Holy Bible, the most important religious book of Christians directs the thoughts and believes of a person the acceptance of God as the power who alone should hold the right to take away life. Thus, euthanasia, a practice by means of which assisted suicide is provided to the patients in terminally ill position is not within the acceptance boundaries of ethics as presented in the holy Bible. As per Bible and believers of bible only Almighty Father hold the right to take away the life from the human body. Thus, acceptance of euthanasia or assisted suicide essentially leads to the violation of the laws of the Bible. Christians who hold strong believe in Holy Bible and its teachings present themselves with the situation in which respect for the holy words should be given and following of the teachings should be strictly adhered. Thus, the acceptance of assisted suicide for the terminally ill patients also should not be practiced as per Christianity. We hereby discuss few papers on euthanasia that has been published on the basis of studies carried out on the topic of euthanasia.Euthanasia- In the light of scientific research Haverkate (1998) and colleagues performed a study to describe the presence of and compliance with guidelines in the cases of euthanasia and intensifying of the alleviation of pain and symptoms. The study also held its focus to the understanding of the opinions of physicians about written guidelines. In addition, the relationship between meeting of the requirements for prudent practice and presence of and compliance with guidelines or euthanasia was studied (Haverkate, 1998). Interview was used as the method of data collection. And the results revealed that in case of meeting the requirements for prudent practice, there existed no significant differences between cases of euthanasia in which EAS (euthanasia or assisted suicide) guidelines were present and the ones in which there were no such guidelines. In addition, the presence of guidelines seemed to project better adherence to consultation and other essential actions. However, it is essential note that the study had a limitation, fo r the collection of data was based on the self-report of physicians and the content of guidelines was not verified. We therefore prose that well-designed, large sample sized research studies should be conducted so as to further assure the results as revealed from this study. In another study, Rurup (2005) and colleagues attempted to learn more about the characteristic patients who request for euthanasia or physician assisted suicide and the effect of physicians decision. It was concluded from the study that being tired of living could play a crucial part in the desire of euthanasia in the patients. The tired of living phenomenon can exist irrespective of whether the patient is suffering from a major disease or not. It was noted that the high occurrence of symptoms in the absence of classifiable sever disease

A Brief Summary of 5 Disorders Essay Example for Free

A Brief Summary of 5 Disorders Essay Bipolar I Disorder is defined by the DSM-5 as manic or mixed episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. During this manic episode, people typically experience an expansive mood, excessive optimism, grandiosity, and poor judgment. Usually, the person also has depressive episodes, typically lasting at least two weeks. During the depressive episode, people may become hostile and physically threatening to other and also, when delusional, may be physically assaultive or suicidal. The symptoms of mania or depression must be a major change from the persons normal behavior. Hypomanic episodes also exist in which a person experiences at least 4 consecutive days of increased energy and activity and elevated mood. Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 300.23 (F40.10) The diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) includes an anxiety associated with social situations in which a person feels pressure or scrutiny by others. Such social situations almost always provoke fear in the individual typically lasting for 6 months of more. There is a specific branch of this disorder in which the individual only fears public performance: such as singing, communicating a speech, an athletic event, and often affects work and school activities. Typically those individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder have a fear or anxiety that is judged to be out of proportion to the actual risk of being negatively evaluated or to the consequences of such negative evaluation. Nightmare Disorder307.47 (F51.5) Nightmare Disorder is a repeated occurrence of dysphoric and well-remembered dreams that involve threats to survival and personal security. Typically, the dream occurs in the second half of the major sleep episode. Other criteria involves the individual experiencing distress affecting social interactions at work or other important areas of function.  These nightmares are not caused by the substance consumption of alcohol, drugs, or medication. The DSM-5 defines a nightmare as a long and detailed, story-like sequence of dream imagery that appears real and causes anxiety, stress, or fear. In several instances, nightmares may be comorbid with several medical conditions, including coronary heart disease, cancer, Parkinsonism, and pain, and can accompany medical treatments. Paranoid Personality Disorder301.0 (F60.0) Paranoid Personality Disorder falls under the broad category of personality disorders. The criterion for paranoid personality disorder includes a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. Typically the individual suspects without evidence that other people are out to harm or exploit him or her, determines that friends and associates are not to be trusted, is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fears, reads into hidden meanings about people or events, has unforgiving attitude and grudges towards people, counterattacks angrily when feeling that character or reputation is being attacked, and has recurrent suspicions without justification regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner. The pattern of this disorder is obviously one of distrust and suspiciousness. Generally these individuals are difficult to get along with and often do not participate in close relationships with others. Pedophilic Disorder302.2 (F65.4) Pedophilic Disorder is defined when an individual has recurrent, intense sexual arousing fantasies, urges, or behavior with a child 13 years or younger over a period of 6 months. Either the individual has acted on the urges or these urges have caused serious distress and interpersonal difficulty. The individual must be at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child or children. If individuals complain that their sexual attractions or preferences for children are causing psychosocial difficulties, they may be diagnosed with pedophilic disorder. The presence of multiple victims is sufficient but not necessary for diagnosis of pedophilia. Pedophilia per se appears to be a lifelong condition. Pedophilic disorder contains elements that may change over time with or without treatment: subjective distress, psychosocial impairment, or the decision to  act upon desires. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

The Importance of Organ Donation Essay -- Organ Donor Health Medical P

The Importance of Organ Donation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each day approximately 6,300 people die and what makes this haunting is that presently there are 83,513 people waiting for organs to be donated, yet each day 17 people die because they do not receive a transplant (http://www.donatelife.net/facts_stats.html). These statistics show that people who are waiting for organ transplants have a good chance at being saved and get what they need. The sad truth is though, because of the lack of people willing to donate organs, many people will continue to wait for organs to save their lives. ?Waiting lists of patients for organ transplants become longer as the need for transplantable organs increases? (Sheehy 1). Think back to how someone might feel when a close family member or friend dies. With out argument, the feeling one experiences when going through a time like that is one of the most painful experiences. The feeling when one gets when they know that they will never again see the person you loved so much, never hold th em, touch them, experience their presence. It is a horrible feeling. What many do not realize is simply by donating organs, you can help someone else not have to deal with that pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organ donation is when someone who has died, has previously given permission for their organs to be taken from their body and transplanted into someone else?s who because of some sort of medical condition, can not survive off of their own. At the time of death one?s heart, intestine, kidneys, liver, lung, pancreas, pancreas islet cell, heart valves, bone, skin, corneas, veins, cartilage, and tendons can all be used for transplantation. Choosing to donate organs is beneficial to many people, morally the right thing to do when you pass on and, is also one of the most important ways for survival of many people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organ donation is often perceived with doubt because many people do not know the truth. There are many myths out about the donating of organs that cause many people to opt not to. What many do not realize is the truth about organ donation. The body of the donor after the surgery is not mangled up and is presentable for the funeral. Organ donation is ethical and should not be looked down upon. Organ donating is there to save lives, not to hurt anyone. Many people think that they should be paid or given something in return for donating their organs, which is... ...en through the example of Nickolas Green, when you donate organs you not only save one life, but often numerous. Your body has so many vital organs and tissues that can be donated and given to many different people. For many of these people, what you donate to them, can be a matter of life or death. If they don?t receive a donation soon enough, their time will run out and they will pass away. By donating organs you are giving of your body, something that will never again by seen after death. You are making the morally correct decision to help others. It seems we are all brought up to help others and give of yourself, and what better way to do so then by donating of your organs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you go to get your drivers licence, be sure to mark that you will donate. Put yourself in the shoes of someone waiting for a donation. They hear of people dying and yet nothing will happen for their benefit if these people don?t choose to donate. Picture you husband or wife, on their death bed unless someone will donate their organs. Make the right decision to bring happiness out of death. Do not put your organs to waste, help those in need, and choose to donate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Competitive Rivalry

Competitive Rivalry * Industry dominance by few large firms The car automobile industry -There are various competitors in this market but the dominant ones include General Motors, Volkswagen, Chrysler, Ford, and Honda etc. Entry barriers prevent other entrants and pricing is mostly by competition and mutual understanding between top manufacturers. * Huge setup cost and complete resource ownership * Prices remain stable if a  firm reduces product price others follow suit and cut down their price as well,   if a firm increases product price, others do not increase their price. oyota focusing on continuously finding ways to reduce production costs. The company also optimized its processes to accelerate the various phases of production — from initial design to production — so that it could introduce new models faster than its competitors. Seek less expensive ways to produce desirable products -BMW Group and the Toyota Motor Corporation announced a collaborative effort a imed at developing new products and advanced-powertrain technologies. Toyota also has an agreement with Ford to develop hybrid systems for light trucks and sport utility vehicles. Threat of substitute products * There are a lot of substitutes in the automobile industry. When the price of the vehicles rises, the substitutes will emerge, there are many types of equipment that can take the place of vehicles, such bus, subway, bicycle and even walking. The Hybrid Synergy Drive also must be evaluated using Porter's model factor for threat of substitute products.Other companies could potentially enter the hybrid market by developing a similar drive and neutralizing Toyota's advantage. In fact, Nissan and Honda have developed similar technologies for their sedan models. However, Toyota continues to dominate the market for hybrid vehicles because Honda and Nissan do not have a significant impact on the market yet. In the future, Toyota may lose their competitive advantage if hybrid vehicles take a bigger market share in the automotive industry.However, currently Toyota is adding Sport Utility Vehicles (Toyota Highlander) to their line of vehicles using the HSD. By being the first to add SUV's to the hybrid market, they have currently protected their competitive advantage from substitute products. Bargaining power of Suppliers Toyota Production System which developed a network of suppliers who would supply the right quality, quantity at a point just in time for Toyota to use in building its cars. This reflects weak bargaining power on the part of the suppliers in terms of our model.

Klippel-Fiel Syndrome

Klippel–Feil syndrome is a very rare disease. It was reported for the first time in 1912 by Maurice Klippel and Andre Feil. It has been characterized by the fusion of any 2 of the 7 cervical vertebrae. The syndrome occurs in a heterogeneous group of patients unified only by the presence of a defect in the formation or segmentation of the spine. Klippel–Feil syndrome can be identified by shortness of the neck. Those with the syndrome have a very low hairline and the ability of the neck to move is limited or none.Some symptoms include: ?Scoliosis, which is a side-to-side curve of the spine, which is abnormal. The spine sometimes appears as a â€Å"C† or an â€Å"S†. ?Spina bifida is when the spinal canal and the back bone do not close completely during birth. ?Cleft Palate, which is a hole in the roof of the mouth ?Respiratory problems ?Heart malformations ?Short stature The actual prevalence of Klippel-Feil syndrome is unknown due to the fact that there was no study done to determine the true prevalence.Although the actual occurrence for the KFS syndrome is unknown, it is estimated to occur 1 in 42,000 newborns worldwide. In addition, females seem to be affected slightly more often than males Treatment for Klippel–Feil syndrome is symptomatic and may include surgery to relieve cervical or craniocervical instability and constriction of the spinal cord, and to correct scoliosis. The heterogeneity of this syndrome has made it difficult to outline the diagnosis as well as the prognosis classes for this disease.Because of this, it has complicated the exact explanation of the genetic etiology of the syndrome. The prognosis for most individuals is good if the disorder is treated early on and appropriately. Activities that can injure the neck should be avoided, as it may contribute to further damage. Other diseases associated with the syndrome can be fatal if not treated, or if found too late to be treatable. Although, surgery is an op tion it’s not highly recommended.My sister suffers from this disorder; therefore I see it every day. Surgery was given to my mother as an option but there were far worse side effects to the aftermath of the surgery than just living with the disorder for the rest of her life. She didn’t choose to have surgery because either it would have paralyzed her or could have possibly killed her. The disorder has affected her by not allowing her to use her neck at all, which makes it very difficult for her to do the things that we can.

Labor Economics Child Labor

Labor Economics Child Labor The labor market today has obtained a flow of issues that have brought change in the economic sector. These changes have been caused by several factors, which include globalization and the economy itself. Among the issues which are currently observed in the labor market, child labor has been a major challenge faced by the world at large. It has been a major concern in the global issues of economics although it is viewed to be more experienced in regions like Africa and Asia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Economics: Child Labor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the reasons of why Child labor is practiced, as well as the assumptions about its practicing in some regions more often than in others in the modern world. In the Cornell Daily Sun article of December 2004, one can find lots of useful information about why, how and where the child labor is practiced based on the research done by Prof essor Nancy Chau of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs. Labor has been conclusively defined as work or activities that deny the child an opportunity to be in school as well as an opportunity to be a child in terms of behavioral activities such as playing, interaction or learning (Oran 46). Professor Chau’s definition can be backed up by Eric Edmonds view on the subject. However, he adds that normal domestic chores can be calculated into child labor if the child does not get enough time to study (Edmonds 23) Professor Chau’s claim on child labor and its causes is that it is not only that the child labor cases are caused by poverty. It is for sure a major factor but, there are indeed other crucial factors that add up to the main one. According to Professor Chau’s claim, the regions’ Gross Domestic Product may be the cause of the problematic practice. It is claimed that regions of low GPDs are affected by child labor practice (Oran 32). In another obse rvation, Chau believes that the practice may be developed by the myth that children’s’ way of doing things better than adults would make them the appropriate substitute in the labor market. In her research it is evident that, in a country like Paraguay, a child makes about a quarter of what the rest of the whole family make. These assumptions lead to the fact that adults ignore the fact that a child needs education. Instead, the parents value the idea of bringing more children rather than bringing up educated children. Having observed the areas mostly stricken by child labor and various factors that cause the problem, Professor Chau suggests some solutions to the problem. She gives a very good example of Brazil’s plan to pay adults for keeping their children in school (Oran 5) .This seems to be a valid and very reasonable solution that would help to deal with the problem in our society.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I would definitely agree wit her, although in my opinion, this would be a solution for only the countries which are able to budget compensation for child education. What about the countries practicing Child labor due to poverty that cannot afford compensation for child Education? Child labor takes out the dignity and the rights of our children. Including children as laborers, often in dangerous working conditions, should be discouraged at all cost. Edmonds, Eric. Child labor. The national bureau of economics research, 2007. Oran, Olivia. Issues Around Child Labor. Cornell Publishers. 2008.

Standard Business Questions in English

Standard Business Questions in English There are a number of standard business questions used when making generally inquires into the nature of a company. The following dialogue covers a number of standard business questions. The reference section then provides variations and related business questions for a number of the standard business questions used in the dialogue. Business Reporter Thank you for taking the time to meet with me today. Manager: Its my pleasure Business Reporter: Who do you work for? Manager: I work for Springco. Business Reporter: What does Springco do? Manager: Springoco distributes health products throughout the United States. Business Reporter: Where is the company based? Manager: Springco is located in Vermont. Business Reporter: How many people do you employ? Manager: Currently, we have 450 people on staff. Business Reporter: Whats your annual revenue? Manager: Our gross revenue is about $5.5. million this year. Business Reporter: What type of distribution services do you provide? Manager: We distribute to both wholesale and retail outlets. Business Reporter: What sort of internet presence do you have? Manager: We have a storefront, as well as an online forum. Business Reporter: Is your company public? Manager: No, we are a privately held company. Business Reporter: What type of logistical structure do you have? Manager: We ship from four regional warehouses. Business Reporter: Where are your products manufactured? Manager: Most of our products are manufactured abroad, but a number are also produced here in the United States. Standard Business Questions Who do you work for? Variations: Which company do you work for? Where do you work? Related Questions: What kind of job do you have? What do you do? What are your responsibilities? What does X do? Variations: What kind of business does X do? Which business is X in? Related Questions: What type of products does X sell/manufacture/produce? What type of services does X provide/offer? Where is the company based? Variations: Where is your company located? Where are your headquarters? Related Questions: Where do you have branches? Do you have any offices abroad? How many people do you employ? Variations: How many people does X employ? How many people does X have on staff? How many employees are there at X? Related Questions: How many divisions are there? How many people are on staff in that branch? How many people do you employ in (City)? Whats your annual revenue? Variations: Whats your turnover? What type of revenue do you do? Related Questions: Whats your net profit? What are (were) your quarterly earnings? What type of a margin do you have? Is your company public? Variations: Are you a publicly traded company? Are you on the stock market? Is your company privately held? Related Questions: Whats your companys stock symbol? Which market are you traded on? Where are your products manufactured? Variations: Where are your goods produced? Where do you manufacture/produce your merchandise?

WhatsApp Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

WhatsApp - Case Study Example In addition, WhatsApp has been able to beat existing and new competitors in the instant messaging industry. This success led to its acquisition by Facebook. The main problem facing the future success of the app is the competition and the changing paradigm of the industry. Across the globe, competitors have been steadily increasing with more effective strategies in regards to the creation of new trends and monetization. Given the current market situation, how can WhatsApp adapt its strategy to overcome emerging competition in future? Over the years, the instant messaging industry has been characterized by its massive growth. Consequently, entrants in the market have greatly increased. Regardless of the trend, WhatsApp has been able to position itself as a market leader in the six years it has been in existence. Since the creation of the application in 2009, WhatsApp has been largely preferred by the consumer population in the United States as well in the global market. The success of WhatsApp in the global market is solely based on that these markets lack a cheaper option for text messaging (Page, 2015, 1). The strategy was also effective in beating existing competition in the industry. However, in markets with cheaper text messaging options the application has not been massively embraced. This is due to the few features and products that the application offers to the trendy market. This is a major problem in the future in regards to the creation of a greater competitive advantage over the emerging competition. The ability to compete effectively is created by the development of operational structures based on the strategies implemented by competitors (Porter, 1980, 29). By WhatsApp lacking these structures, the app does not have a competitive advantage over emerging competitors in the future market. The future success of the instant messaging industry is directed by the level of creativity embraced by existing and emerging applications. WhatsApp has not

Competencies Checklist Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Competencies Checklist - Personal Statement Example The reporter stresses that "I fully understand the need for good behavior amongst young people and the principles that are essential in the guidance of children’s behavior in order to provide the best educational and social results. I am familiar with the major hypotheses required in educating young children, which are dependent on the learning abilities of young children. In addition, I am knowledgeable on the importance of developing children, families, and communities that create valuable relationships amongst young people. The family-children relation program further enables the families of young children to empower them through their relationships. I also have adequate knowledge of the history of my profession, which is an added advantage since I fully understand the needs that arise on any occasion. I am technologically educated, and I use this ability to assist the children in my classroom to learn more efficiently. I am aware of the ethics that are involved in educating young children and I fully employ them in my teaching center in order to develop disciplined individuals. I am also able to deliver education and quality care by employing the Pearson education model. I fully comprehend the needs of assessing young children and documenting the reports for reference. I also engage in programs that involve studying and teaching, which are helpful in increasing my knowledge about my career and increasing my competency. I am currently taking a degree on CDA in order to further my teaching career. I have written my philosophy of teaching, which is consistent with my actions when carrying out my responsibilities. I am also keen on keeping my teaching up to date and understand the contemporary issues in the society."

Introduction of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction of Management - Essay Example For instance, making decisions about how to cut costs by five percent reflects a problem. The manager also has to make decisions when there is an opportunity that can be exploited. If the firm has surplus funds, the manager has to decide whether the extra funds should be used to increase shareholder dividends, reinvested in current operations, or to expand into new markets. The quality of managers' decisions is the yardstick of their effectiveness and value to the organization. Managers are usually evaluated and rewarded on the basis of the importance and results of their decisions. (P. Drucker) This indicates that managers must necessarily develop decision-making skills. The success of an organization depends greatly on the decisions that managers make. (Management Assistant Program) The Rational model which is believed to be one of the major types of models regarding how managers make decisions is discussed below. The rational model of managerial decision-making has its roots in the economic theory of the firm. When theories about the economic theory of the firm. When theories about the economic behavior of business firms were being developed, there was a general tendency among economists to assume that whatever decisions managers made would always be in the best economic interests of their firms. There was a tremendous support for this assumption from many thinkers of management. The rational model of decision-making believes that managers engage in a decision-making process which is totally rational. They not only have all the relevant information needed to take decisions but also are aware of all the possible outcomes and consequence of the decision so taken by them (Administration). Decision-making is a systematic process and involves a series of steps. (Galbraith) Any decision making process consists basically of the following steps. Identifying the Problem - The first step in the decision making process is identifying the problem. Prior to identifying the problem, it is essential to first recognize that a problem exists. The manager would have identified the problem when the administration department brings the problem with the photocopier to the notice of their superior - in this case the manager. This decision can be categorized as a non-programmed decision as the replacement of any kind of machines or equipment in a business is not done always. (Biz/ed) Non-programmed decisions are the ones which are taken in unforeseen conditions or which are unstructured. Identifying Resources and Constraints - Once the problem is identified and diagnosed, the manager should identify the resources and constraints relevant to the problem. Anything that can be used to solve the problem is a resource. Resources include people, money, materials, time, equipment, expertise, and information. On the other hand, constraints are the factors that limit managers' efforts to solve the problem. With respect to the replacement of the photocopier, different companies which deal with that particular equipment, the marketing executives related to the equipment etc, are the resources. Constraints may be mismatch in the price and quality of the equipment, the supplier who can deliver the equipment at the earliest possible date. Generating Alternative Solutions - Once the problem, resources and constraints of the organization are identified, the next step would be to generate

Principles of Management in McDonalds

Principles of Management in McDonalds McDonalds is the largest and most well known global foodservice retailer, which was founded in 1955 by Ray Kroc; head quarter in Oak Brook, Illinois, US. McDonalds has more than 32.000 restaurants (19% operated by the Company and 81% of restaurants operated by franchised restaurants) in 117 countries, serving more than 60 millions people each day (McDonalds, 2009). Recently, many of Vietnamese people still think that fast food services are small business that are not worth to do business. After studying McDonalds, my point of views about fast food industry have been changed considerably. Serving fast foods only, McDonalds receives annually almost 23 billions USD, that is equal about 27% of GDP or 71% total revenues of all types of services of Vietnam on 2009 (Vietnam General Statistic Office, 2009) and McDonalds ranks 153 biggest companies in the world (Forber, 2010). This study aims to analyze management of the Company in the past few years and strategy in the next decade, which help us to understand the reasons that lead McDonalds to the success. 1. Core business 1.1. The main products and services The products of McDonalds are fast foods of wide range of choices, such as: hamburgers, chicken, french fries, soft drinks, coffee, milkshakes, salads, deserts and breakfast with varies of famous in the world brands (Big Mac, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Filet-O-Fish, Chicken McNuggets, Chicken Selects, Snack Wraps, McFlurry, McCafe) which meet requirement of customers of different ages. McDonalds fast foods have became necessary daily foods for the numbers of people not only in the US but in other countries also. Therefore, McDonalds brand name became so popular, that many investors in the world willing to deal with McDonalds to open restaurant under franchised agreement 1.2. Business generates the most revenue McDonalds revenues mainly come from its own restaurants and from restaurants operated by franchisees. In accordance with the McDonalds Corporation Annual Report 2007, 2008, 2009, revenues of the Company in 2007, 2008 and 2009 are 22.8 billions USD, 23.5 billions USD and 22.75 billions USD respectively. Most of Companys revenues come from the restaurants operated by the Company, which has percentage in 2007, 2008 and 2009 are 73%, 70% and 68% respectively; the rest of revenue are from franchised restaurants. Obviously, the percentage of revenue of Companys operated restaurants has been decreased while percentage of revenue of franchised restaurants increased (McDonalds, 2009). Source: McDonalds Corporation Annual Report 2009 1.3. Business generates the most profit In 2007, 2008 and 2009, consolidated net incomes of Company are 2,395, 4,313 and 4,551 millions respectively. In accordance with McDonalds Corporation annual Report 2009, the most profit of the McDonalds has been generated by franchised restaurants, which in 2007, 2008, 2009 holds about 64%, 65%, 66% of the total profit of the Company respectively. The second place of profit has been generated by restaurants operated by the Company (McDonalds, 2009). Franchised margins Franchised margin dollars represent revenues from franchised restaurants less Companys occupancy costs (rent and depreciation) associated with those sites. Franchised margin dollars increased $254 millions of 4% (7% in constant currencies) in 2009 and $695 millions or 14% (11% in constant currencies) in 2008. The franchising strategy contributed to grow in franchised margin dollars in 2009, 2008 and 2007 (McDonalds, 2009). Company-operated margins Company-operated margin represent sales by Company-operated restaurants less the operating costs of these restaurants. Company-operated margin dollars decreased $101 millions or 3% (increased 3% in constant currencies) in 2008. Company-operated margin dollars were negatively impacted by this transaction in 2008 and 2007 and by the enfranchising strategy in 2009 and 2008 (McDonalds, 2009). Source: McDonalds Corporation Annual Report 2009 1.4. Business will drive growth in the next decade In order to keep sustainable growth in the next decade, for the last few years, McDonalds has differentiated the brand and enhanced efficiency of investment in expansion of restaurants chain in the world, mainly in the type of franchised restaurants. In accordance with McDonalds annual Report 2009 and report of Jim Skinner (2009) To our valued shareholder: To state the obviuos, 2009 was a tumultuous year economically, these strategies will continue drive growth in the next decade. Regarding to the strategy of differentiation of products, due to criticism in the society to McDonalds fast foods as the cause to obesity, McDonalds has launched new lines of products, which contain low fat, low calories or more fruit and vegetable, healthy alternative for the customers, which have been in great success for the last few years with some famous brands, such as: Fremium Fiesta Salad, New mans Own Low Fat Balsamic Vinargrette These types of foods will be developed in the next decade. Regarding to efficiency of investment, McDonalds will concentrate into expansion of restaurants in the world, mainly in the type of franchised restaurant, which have many advantages compare with restaurants operated by Company type. 1.5. How successful would you say this company has been since 2007? Cumulative total shareholder returns from 2007 to 2009 has been increased, higher than average of that of SP 500 index and Dow Jones Industrials (McDonalds, 2009). Net income is increased. Source: McDonalds Corporation Annual Report 2009 At the result of implementation of strategy Plan to Win, income and dividends were increased during period from 2007 to 2009, while revenue has been decreased. The number of restaurants operated by the Company decreased from 6,906 in 2007 to 6,262 in 2009, while franchised restaurants is increased from 24,471 in 2007 to 26,216 in 2009 (McDonalds, 2009) 2. Corporate Responsibility In accordance with the commitment to social responsibility, McDonalds focuses primarily on animal welfare, education, environment, people, quality, safety and Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC). Regarding to the animal welfare, McDonalds recognizes that its responsibility as purchaser of food products includes working with their suppliers to ensure good animal handling practices. Thus, it buys all its beef, fork and poultry products from suppliers who maintain the highest standards and share McDonalds commitment to animal welfare. Regarding to the education, McDonalds mould the future of the society and therefore, is committed to the education of the youths. Thus, they support school-age employees in their reaching of educational goals. Regarding to the people, McDonalds recognizes the importance of the employees, who is driving force to the Companys success. So, McDonalds is committed to creating an environment that value and respects their employees, recognizes and rewards their performance, as well as providing them with meaningful growth opportunities. Regarding to the quality and safety, McDonalds has set strictly enforcing high-quality and safety standards often exceeding those standards established by industry and governments, quality and safety are the most important items on McDonalds menu of success, because they give customer confidence to McDonalds. Regarding to the Ronald McDonalds House Charity (RMHC), McDonalds supports RMHC by providing free goods and services, covering 100 percent of management and general costs for RMHCs global office. Therein, RMHC works to improve the health and well-being of children by awarding grants to organizations and supporting 206 RMHC worldwide. Recently, McDonalds has many CSR initiatives; and these seem to focus mainly on the areas in which they ware accused. For example, on allegations of rainforest deforestation, McDonalds response was CSR initiatives in the field of environment. Where they were being accused of bad working conditions, they responded that McDonalds has been a leader in setting and strictly enforcing high-quality and safety standards often exceeding those standards established by industry and governments and contributing to this cause. Fortune Magazine has even ranked McDonalds as one of the most admired socially responsible company. 3. Crisis management McDonalds manages to overcome the crisis occurred for the last few years, such as: CSR case (McLibel trial) and economical crisis from 2008-2009. From the case McLibel In the middle of 1980s London Greenpeace began a campaign focusing on McDonalds as a high profile organization, symbolizing everything they considered wrong with prevailing corporate mentality. In 1986 London Greenpeace produced a 6-sided fact sheet called Whats wrong With McDonalds? Everything they dont want you to know, which accused McDonalds of exploiting children with advertising, promoting an unhealthy diet, exploiting their staff and being responsible for environmental damage and ill treatment of animals. In 1990, McDonalds served libel writs against the five activists who came up with the Whats wrong With McDonalds leaflet. Three of the five activists took the former suggestion, while Dave and Helen chose the former. On 28th June 1994, the McLibel trial began and the verdict was announced on 19th June 1997 in favour of McDonalds, which stated that Helen and Dave had not proved the allegations against McDonalds on rainforest deforestation, heart disease and cancer, food poison ing, starvation in the Third world and bad working conditions. However, they had proved that McDonalds exploited children with their advertising, falsely advise their food as nutritious, risk the health of their most popular, long term customers, are culpabably responsible for cruelty to animals, are strongly antipathetic to unions and pay their workers low wages. Justice Bell ruled that Helen and Dave had libelled McDonalds, but because they had proven many of allegation true, they would only pay half of the claimed damages, that was à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤60.000. However, both Dave and Helens litigation fee and the damages had to pay were donated by the public. Recently, McDonalds has many CSR initiatives; and these seem to focus mainly on the areas in which they ware accused, such as through animal welfare, education, environment, people, quality and safety and Ronald McDonalds House Charity (RMHC), McDonalds has tried to do a lot of good to the community. Economical crisis from 2008-2009 During economic crisis from 2008-2009, the prices on energy, foods and commodities were high, financial market was frozen, rate of GDP of almost countries were low, high rate of unemployment, many companies in fast-food industry suffered loses, such as income have been turned down. However, during this period, McDonalds took necessary measure to stabilize the business, on this, keep relationship with the suppliers to ensure the continuous supply of necessary ingredients for its foods at the reasonable price. Therefore, the prices on foods were stable, revenue was increased, income growled up. In fact, McDonalds net income in 2008 were 4,313 billions and was 4551 billions in 2009. 4. Strategy What markets has it forced on? Over the past few years, McDonalds has focused on the emerging markets, such as China and Russia, where the rate of growth has been highest in the world, even in the time of economic downturn during 2008-2009, the revenue of McDonalds in China increased almost 16% annually, while in the same period, in US and in Europe the rate of growth decreased. Till now, China is the fastest market of McDonalds, where McDonalds operates 1.100 restaurants and plans to increase the number of its restaurants in China to 2.000 by 2013. What are the core strengths? Brand name McDonalds with Golden Arches logo have became the symbol of retail of low cost fast foods among the people, therefore McDonalds products are the first choice of customers in the market of fast foods services. Process management have been established providing business activities efficiency helped secure the quality of products and reduce the cost, which can compete with other fast food companies. Managements staffs, employees of McDonalds are high qualified, quick respond to the changing of the market (products and service innovation, remodelling of restaurants, improvement of technology, management). McDonalds economy scale and bargaining power dominance provide advantages in supplying of raw material (at low costs), that contribute to reduce the price on products lower than competitors. Would you describe the company as innovative? McDonalds is a innovative company because of the following activities: + From 1973, McDonalds was the first company in the world to provide customers with nutrition about the products its offers. + In order to meet requirement of customers to avoid obesity, McDonalds created new line of low fat products, in this Salad is one of the successful low fat bands. + In recent years, McDonalds has turned to new line of products, which are innovative and trendy, such as: coffee and beverage products with brand names McGriddle, Snack Wrap, premium coffee (take market share from Starbucks), Strawberry-banana and Wild berry (take market share from the fruity beverage sector). 5. Vision, Goals and how does it motivate its employees? 5.1. McDonalds mission statement In every stage of development of the Company, the mission of the Company has been changed to meet new goal and adapt trend of the market, and at present, McDonalds brand mission is to be our customers favourite place and way to eat. To implement the mission, Company has reinvented global strategy which called the Plan to Win, which identifies five core drivers that are: people, products, place, price and promotion. 5.2. What are its goals? As stated Jim Skimmer, Vice Chairman and CEO in annual report in 2009, the goals of the Company are improving the overall experience for customers of the Company. In accordance with report of Andy McKenna, Chairman in annual report in 2009, the goal of the Company are elevation of industry leadership of the Company, enhancing long term profitable growth, providing relevant offerings and supporting balanced lifestyles all contribute to the Companys continued success. 5.3. How does it motivate its employees? McDonalds recognizes the importance of the employees, who is driving force to the Companys success. Therefore, McDonalds has taken necessary measures, such as: create good conditions for working, living, studying and promotion. For example, September 2006, McDonalds Europe introduced the McPassport program, designed to help employees move and work in other McDonalds restaurants across Europe with relative ease. McDonalds Singapores vision, Every crew member can be a manager. McDonalds offers a unique training opportunity through the McDonalds University Accredited Programme. McDonalds builds a caring, warm community for employees, offers a variety of programs that franchised and company-operated restaurant employees can participate in to grow and develop, both personally and professionally. Healthcare options for McDonalds restaurant employees. 6. Would you like to work for this company and why? Studying McDonalds I would like to work for McDonalds for the following reasons: McDonalds is a qualified company managed by intellectual management teams, which has continuous developed with high rate and high profits. Therefore, McDonalds will secure the job for the long term. McDonalds encourages people to work creative. McDonalds provides good working conditions, social benefits, having a chance to education and of promotion.   The company follow CSR initiatives. 7. Summary McDonalds, with limited of fast-food menu, has served 60 million in almost 120 countries in the world every day and became the biggest company in the food industry and a one of 200 biggest companies in the world. The success of the McDonalds has shown the sample of efficiency management of MacDonalds Board of Management and Directory, which are: strategy in motivation of people, innovation of product, CSR initiatives, creation in management. Although in its history of foundation and development, there were difficulties, but McDonalds has overcame and adjusted these in time contributed in its development. At present, McDonalds still faces many difficulties, such as there are different campaign against McDonalds in advertising towards to children, or accuse its products effect obesity, but I think McDonalds will take necessary measures to overcame this difficulties.

Essay --

Why would a married man pursue a woman in hopes of gaining more than a platonic relationship? Dmitri Gurov is a Russian womanizer that spent two weeks on a vacation resort in Yalta. During his stay, Dmitri always took interest in the new women that arrived in Yalta. He discovered a young lady with a dog walking along the sea-front. Whenever he saw her approaching the public garden, he would always make a presence to meet her there. There are definitely characteristics of his personality that caused Dmitri to venture beyond his marriage. Dmitri was married at a young age. Dmitri was not happy in his marriage. His wife considered herself very intelligent. However, Dmitri considered her unintelligent, non- attractive, and did not like to be home with her. He had been unfaithful to her for a long time. Due to the lost love Dmitri had for his wife, his view for all women took a negative stand. Whenever women were discussed in his presence, he spoke about them in a negative manner. He referred to them as â€Å"the lower race† (252). Dmitri did not like to affiliate with members of the same sex. In the presence of men, he was he was bored and uncommunicative. Although he spoke negatively about women, he felt comfortable in their presence and knew what to say to them. The way he conducted himself in public, as well as his personal appearance grabbed the women attention and lured them to him. However, something about women got his attention and drew him to them. Dmitri meets the lady with the dog while dining in the gardens. While waiting at a table to be served, the lady with the red beret took the table next to him. Dmitri assumed the lady was married by the way she walked; the way she dressed, the way she did her hair, and her expression. ... ... All awhile Anna had been deceived by the man she fell in love with, not knowing Dmitri true feelings for women. However, the two of them shared a common bond. Regardless of how Dmitri felt about other women, his compassion for Anna was something he never experienced with any other woman. To conclude, While on vacation at a resort in Yalta; two people of the opposite sex both married and unhappy, meet and establish a relationship beyond their imagination. When they departed the resort, their relationship never ended. However, it continued to grow. The two would occasionally visit each other to rekindle the relationship previously established. Throughout this man’s life, his view of women took a negative stand. For he had deceived himself by thinking he could never have the feelings of love for a woman. The women that he fell deeply in love with had proven him wrong.

My Ántonia, Individualism Essay

(Individualism: Its Influence over Lena, Jim and à ntonia During Their Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood) â€Å"The longest journey is the journey inwards. Of him who has chosen his destiny, Who has started upon his quest for the source of his being†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Dag Hammarskjold.1 This individualist journey, Hammarskjold refers to, consists of two very important elements which contribute to individualism: (1) having the awareness of personal accountability before the Lord and Savior and (2) having a self-sufficient nature as a fountainhead of a person’s individuality which was required to settle the American frontier. These key ingredients mixed with an untamed land tempered the settlers into what we know them today as Americans which may be observed within Willa Cather’s My Antonia as the reader follows the lives of three key characters: Lena, Jimmy, and Antonia. Cather herself searched for her own individualism which she juxtaposed in this 1918 literary work with the character Jimmy. Both he and the author of the story were born in Virginia and at an early age were sent to Nebraska to join their grandparents. And much like the author, he had the pleasure of growing up with a variety of immigrants and stories. Such narratives inspired the author throughout her writing career. My Antonia follows the endeavors of the female protagonist, Antonia, and her foil, Lena, as they struggle in a new country, language, and culture seeking happiness and fulfillment in their lives which Cather so often observed in her childhood immigrant neighbors. Likewise, the reader learns about Jimmy with his own personal struggles as he strives for autonomy in a rugged territory with strict moral codes. Willa Cather’s My à ntonia addresses the notion of individualism which is best seen through direct and indirect characterization of three dynamic characters: Lena, Jimmy, and à ntonia by means of analyzing three stages of life: childhood, youth, and adulthood. A remarkable example of individualistic growth is depicted in Lena Lingard who lived in the countryside with her newly transplanted Norwegian family outside Black Hawk, Nebraska. The reader first encounters Lena through direct characterization as she is described as being â€Å"bareheaded and barefooted, scantily dressed in tattered clothing† (106)2 when she was just a child looking after her family’s herd. In the first part of the book she is introduced as a wild, poorly dressed working girl in charge of farm tasks much like other foreign girls: â€Å"Lena lived in the Norwegian settlement west of Squaw Creek, and she used to herd her father’s cattle in the open country between his place and the Shimerdas† (106). Further along in the novel, there is a clear change in this character’s life. She grows-up and changes her worn out rags for dressmaker quality clothing with hat and gloves as she begins a new phase in her life as a dressmaker’s apprentice in the town of Black Hawk: â€Å"’So you have come to town,’ said Mrs. Harling, her eyes still fixed on Lena.  ´Where are you working?’  ´For Mrs. Thomas, the dressmaker. She is going to teach me to sew. She says I have quite a knack’† (104). As a young adult, Lena strikes-out on her own to the city of Lincoln in a supreme final exhibition of the independence she has forged for herself throughout her life through hard work and determination. â€Å"‘I live in Lincoln now, too, Jim. I’m in business for myself. I have a dressmaking shop in the Raleigh Block, out on O Street. I’ve made a real good start’† (170-171). The path Lena has walked since her childhood, through her adolescence, and then adulthood has illustrated a noticeable achievement in becoming a self-sufficient young woman who quested for her destiny in an untamed land far from her native home. Lena’s personal accountability should also be explored, being one of the key elements of individualism, as she never turned her back on her family but always sent them money from her sewing work: â€Å"’After I learn to do sewing, I can make money and help . . . [my mother]’† (104). These individualistic elements were key in developing her character as she was noted in taking care of herself as well as her parents and siblings which was required of those immigrants who founded America and became a new breed of people known as Americans. Individualism was also reached by two other primary characters within this classic American literature novel: Jimmy and Antonia. Jim Burden, the narrator of the story and also one of the major characters of Willa Cather ´s My Antonia, is as well and important example of how a human being can evolve trough his life to find completeness and self-sufficiency. At the beginning of the book, Jim had just suffered the loss of his parents; and sent to his grandparents. While he was in the train on his way to Nebraska he was in deep grieve and uncertain about his future. â€Å" ´ I don’t think I was homesick. If we never arrived anywhere, it did not matter. Between that earth and that sky I felt erased, blotted out. I did not say my prayers that night: here, I felt, what would be would be ´Ã¢â‚¬ . Nevertheless, that sad passage in his life did not let Jim down. In the same train that he was travelling there was a Bohemian family. One of the members of that family was à ntonia Shimerda, who would become his best friend in the near future. When Jim had enough age to start studying at School, coincidentally his grandparents also had to move to Black Hawk due to Mrs. Burden health situation. There he met new friends, worked hard on his studies, and also had fun. Despite being sad and scared in the past, Jim managed to overcome these difficulties and successfully improve at school. So much so, that soon he would move to Lincoln to start his college career. There he met Gaston Cleric who joined him in his new adventure, and helped Jim to get over some obstacles that he had to face while living in Lincoln. â€Å"At the university I had the good fortune to come immediately under the influence of a brilliant and inspiring young scholar. Gaston Cleric had arrived in Lincoln only a few weeks earlier than I . . .† (165). Cleric also convinced him to move to Boston to finish his career, where Jim would finally reach his goal of becoming a professional. â€Å"Two years after I left Lincoln I completed my academic course at Harvard. Before I entered the Law School I went home for the summer vacation.† (191) Just after getting his college degree, Jim travelled back to Black Hawk where he would find everything different, his friends either dead or gone, the kids were not the same, and even the town itself was all changed. He left Black Hawk being an adolescent with dreams and now he had returned as a professional. He felt he was complete, despite of the fact that he still had very present that sorrowful night in which he was moving from Virginia to Nebraska. â€Å" ´I had only to close my eyes to hear the rumbling of the wagons in the dark, and to be again overcome by that obliterating strangeness. The feelings of that night were so near that I could reach out and touch them with my hand. I had the sense of coming home to myself, and of having found out what a little circle man’s experience is ´. (238)† By the time he came back to Black Hawk he knew that he had seized the opportunities he had and felt that his life had been worthy living. While back in town, he went to visit his beloved friend à ntonia, which also was happy. The happenings in Antonia’s life, and how she evolved from being a little girl in a foreign country to the women she became will be thoroughly developed next. à ntonia Shimerda is the main character that we find in Willa Cather’s My à ntonia. As well as Lena and Jim she is characterized during different stages of her life (childhood, adolescence and adulthood). One example of this characterization is portrayed in how à ntonia was developing her new language (English) and how it was influenced by the different periods of time she went through, as well as the places she moved to. At the beginning of the story we find à ntonia and her family moving from Bohemia to the prairie of Nebraska. In the prairie and as a child she met Lena Lingard and Jim Burden who would become one of the most important persons in her life. Jim was going to be the one in charge of teaching English to à ntonia who did not speak much English before the arrival to the prairie; â€Å" ´Ãƒ ntonia had opinions about everything, and she was soon able to make them known. Almost every day she came running across the prairie to have her reading lesson with me. Mrs. Shimerda grumbled, but realized it was important that one member of the family should learn English’† (24). It is evident that Mrs. Shimerda did not like the idea of à ntonia learning English. But, she understood it was important for à ntonia to learn the language in order to adapt herself and to find herself in her new country and home, also this would help à ntonia to take care of her family as she felt it as an obligation. As à ntonia was evolving her English was growing with her and with this some traits of her personality too. As explained before in the paper, Jim had to move to Black Hawk due to study reasons, but it was not going to be a long time before à ntonia also moved to Black Hawk, but with different intentions from one’s of Jim. à ntonia moved to Black Hawk to get a job, here she runs into Jim and Lena again. Now in her adolescence Jim says that à ntonia has very good English, â€Å"Tony learned English so quickly that by the time school began she could speak as well as any of us† (107). This shows that à ntonia kept practicing English to improve herself, as she felt that was one way to become better to help her family, and now in Black Hawk and with her job it was evident how the improvement in her English helped her. However, à ntonia would began to attend to dances with her friend Lena and this would carry a lot of problems with it for her, including losing her job because she did not want to quit attending to dances as requested by her bosses. The story carried on and further ahead in the story, when Jim comes back from Lincoln and the time he spent at Harvard to finish his studies, he finds a happily married grown-up à ntonia with children. à ntonia had married a bohemian guy called Anton and now she has a family, and she is very happy with them. While Jim is talking with à ntonia, he notices that her English has become bad as it used to be when she was a child and she was learning it. à ntonia tells him that now she has many troubles with English because at home they speak almost only in Bohemian, â€Å" ´I can’t think of what I want to say, you’ve got me so stirred up. And then, I’ve forgot my English so. I don’t often talk it any more. I tell the children I used to speak real well. She said they always spoke Bohemian at home. The little ones could not speak English at all—didn’t learn it until they went to school† (224). Now in her adulthood à ntonia was really worried and a good mother as well as a good wife who take care of her family. Here is where the change that à ntonia suffered from childhood to adolescence to adulthood is characterized, how she passed from a little girl to a loving mother. Throughout this essay three fundamental characters that we find in the novel My à ntonia by the author Willa Cather have been characterized, these characters are: Lena Lingard, Jim Burden and à ntonia Shimerda. The characterization of these characters has been done under the perception of individualism that is represented with each one of them. This perception of individualism of the characters has been shown based on the pursuit for autonomy that each character went through. At the same time three different moments in characters lives’ were chosen to describe them; the childhood, adolescence and adulthood. These moments in character’s lives’ were chosen because they are prior important stages in a person’s life. So, it was important to illustrate how the notion of individualism of each character could be characterized in these stages, taking into account crucial aspects that the characters faced in the search for themselves. Examples of these important aspects faced by the characters are a new country, language and culture in the case of Lena and à ntonia. Another example is the personal struggles of Jim as he attempts for autonomy in a rugged territory with strict moral codes.