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The War Of The Cold War - 886 Words

Over the course of 45 years, The U.S and the U.S.S.R went head to head in an infamous battle against ideologies: The Cold War. Even though war took place during this time, both powers were not involved in battle directly, hence the name cold war. The war mainly consisted of assumed and implied threats of nuclear attacks and political control over states in Europe. Even before 1945, the beginning of the Cold War, tension brewed between the U.S and the U.S.S.R. Both sides had differing views on Europe s state after the war. For instance, programs like the Marshall Plan, funded by the U.S in an attempt to re-industrialize Germany and other war-torn nations, was rejected by the Soviet Union for reasons such as America imposing capitalist ideals across Europe, and the leftover resentment the Soviet Union had for Germany from the war. Unlike any war before it, the cold war did not claim the lives of civilians, it claimed their minds. Split between East and West Europe, people were forced u nder the ruling of two opposing forces, living in constant tension and fear of war breaking out. A war which would be the war to end all wars, and, resultantly, the word. People in America lived in fear of communist invasion spurring on the Red Scare while those living in Eastern Europe were subjected to the tyrannical rule of Joseph Stalin and his predecessors. The relationship between the U.S and the U.S.S.R was bipolar; each side held equal power and were supported by states with similarShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political and military tension stemming from World War II fought primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the start and end dates of the Cold War are frequently disputed over, it is generally accepted that the conflict started at the conclusion of the Second World War and stemmed from the social climate and lingering tensions in Europe and the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union and the United States. Along with economic separationRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold war lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The Unit ed States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War757 Words   |  4 PagesAs tensions continued to augment profoundly throughout the latter half of the Cold War period, they brought forth a movement from a previous bipolar conflicting course, to one of a more multipolar nature. These tensions were now not only restricted to the Soviet Union and United states, but amongst multiple other nations of the globe. It became a general consensus that a notion of ‘peace’ was sought globally, hence, the emergence of dà ©tente. The nature of this idea in the short term conveyed itselfRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War961 Words   |  4 Pages1945, beginning year of the Cold War. The development of cold war just started afte r the end of world War ||. The cold war was the result of conflict between two powerful country Soviet Union and United State. The war was regarding to the lead the world after the World War ||. The Soviet Union wanted to emerge its power to the world and so do the United States too. The research paper mainly focused on various reasons of opposition of two great power of the world Soviets and United States of AmericaRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1737 Words   |  7 Pages Cold War The Cold War, which is often dated from 1945 to 1989, was a constant state of political and military tension between powers in the West, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the East, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. The development of Nuclear Weapons and long range shooting missiles by the United States gave a lot of fear and caused mass destruction. The Cold War came about after World War II when America used their atomic bombsRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War consist of tensions between the Soviets and the U.S. vying for dominance, and expansion throughout the world. Their complete different ideologies and vision of the postwar prevented them from working together. Stalin wants to punish Germany and make them pay outrageous sum of money for reparation. However, Truman has a different plan than Stalin. Truman believes that industrialization and democracy in Germany and throughout th e world would ensure postwar stability. Stalin also wantedRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War942 Words   |  4 PagesFeelings Do Matter At the close of World War Two in 1945, the United States entered another kind of war, the Cold War, which did not involve two adversaries in open battle fields using bullets against the Soviet Union. Throughout the Cold War, incidents fueled feelings of anxiety, mistrust and pride. Often pride is defined as â€Å"a feeling that you are more important or better than other people† (Pride). Mistrust on the other hand is the â€Å"feeling that someone is not honest and cannot be trusted†,Read MoreThe War Of The Cold War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. learned greatly after having been declared the victor of the Cold War. Retired four-star U.S. Army general Colin Powell said, â€Å"The long bitter years of the Cold War are over. America and her allies have won; totally, decisively, and overwhelmingly† (Reed 343). The Cold War started after World War II in 1947 and ended in 1991. The U.S. underwent a political war with the Soviet Union in hopes of advancing more rapidly in certain fields, such as nuclear weapons and space crafts. Avoiding nuclearRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1244 Words   |  5 PagesBoos echoed throughout the streets of Harlem, New York in great waves of disapproval. Hippies holding up signs supporting peace, and posters opposing the Vietnam War, otherwise known as the Cold War, greeted the tired and injured soldiers. The familiarity of their hometown created a sense of peace and warmth, despite the angry cries of protest from the enraged nonconformists. As loved ones embraced their fighters, chants of outrage broke out from the hippies, and the soldiers, relieved to be homeRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesDuring World War II, the United States, Britain, and Russia all worked together to take down Hitler. Although after the war, the coordination between the U.S. and Russia became extremely tense which inevitably lead to the Cold War. The U.S. was worried that Russia would spread communism after World War II. Russia was concerned with the U.S. arms increase and intervention in international affairs. The distrust between the two nations resulted in the Cold war which lasted until 1991. In 1946, Winston

Concept of Environmental Impact Assessment-Samples for Students

Question: Critically evaluate the Environmental Impact assessment system in either an Australian State or Country of your choice. Answer: Introduction This essay clearly explains the concept of Environmental impact assessment (EIA), it procedure and the how it is assessed in South Australia. The EIA of South Australia will be then compared with the Environmental Impact assessment of UK. This essay follows a thought process of describing the concept and its procedures first and then discussing the way it is implemented. Environmental impact assessment is that process that identifies the social, environmental, and economic impacts of a proposal and helps in identification of right methods that can be used to reduce the impact. It facilitates submissions on that proposal. In section 46 to 48 of the development, act 1993 major development or projects are prescribed. Discussion After the declaration of SA minister logged an application for the referral to the Development assessment commission. In this development process, DAC is responsible for determining the level of assessment that is required to be applied to the proposed development. Information gathering: screening, scoping consideration of alternatives are the steps in this segment, the companies before beginning a project has to understand what kind of impact the development will have on the environment as well as the significance of those impacts has to be analyzed. If the answer of the previous question is yes then EIA is required to be implemented. This is the screening process, next is scoping where the issues are discussed this stage deals with the second half of the aforementioned question. This process helps the company channelize the resources in the proper direction to keep up with issue. Important assessment and mitigation measures: this involves the impact prediction and impact assessment followed by the mitigation process that is required. After collecting information the prediction of the alterations are analyzed followed by the assessment to make policies and formulate strategies to combat the issue. The assessment process helps to come to a conclusion and solution to the problem as well. Mitigation is the implementation of the measures. A mitigation measures design is regarded to be successful when it eliminates all the environmental impacts. The result of an EIA is usually in form of a formal document this is known as anenvironmental impact statement(EIS). On the other hand, In EIA procedure of United Kingdom the emphasis is given to the requirement of preliminary consultation by the developer with the bodies that take interest in the impact of the proposal of development. The intention behind the preliminary consultation is to avoid major issues that might bec ome hindrance in the later stages of the development process (Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK, 2017) Review and report: In South Australia the relevant authority carries out the review process. The review procedure should allow the decision-maker to decide whether the EIS is sufficient for example: is the format legally compliant or not, whether the information is sufficient, and whether it is balanced. One thing that is different from the EIA procedure of South Australia is prior consultation is given importance. This done ensure that the site can be selected. The developers then put up an application for any development project. The developers and the authorities discuss the scope of the environmental statement before the project is started. The federal EIA regime in South Australia has three stages the first being the referral, the second being the assessment and the third is approval Referral Actions proposed by any one which have a considerate impact on a particular matter that is protected under part 3 of EPBC Act, generally they are needed until the action has been dropped so that the details can be referred of actions to the federal environment minister. Whenever any referral is made it is very important that the minister approves the action. For this the minister has to determine that the action has significant impact on part 3 of the EPBC Act. This decision is called as controlled action decision and if it needs approval then it is called controlled action. While taking decisions there are three choices that the minister has, the action is a controlled action, the action is not a controlled action or the action is not a controlled action has been carried out in a certain way. Assessment When the action is taken as a controlled action the minister needs to take a decision on how the action will be assessed. As per the EPBC act there are five options for assessment. Actions are also assessed by a method of another accredited federal process, or by state of territory process. Approval After the completion of assessment the minister is required to take decision on whether action can be approved or not. The minister considers the economic and social factors, that are related to the action and the impact it puts on the environment. After the action is given approval the minister attaches the enforceable conditions for protection, repair and to mitigation of damage to the issue that helped the approval requirement. For EIA approval of any development proposal in UK a detailed Environmental Impact Statement has to be submitted to the Local planning authority. In environmental statement, the description of the impacts including the nature of the impacts has to be stated. The developer also needs to provide alternative approaches of the proposed development projects. Another important aspect of the EIA procedure of UK is that even if the local planning authority has adopted a scoping decision the developer is help responsible for the contents of the Environmental statement. The Planning authority has the power to seek additional information about the environmental statement if he thinks that the provided information is not adequate. In that case it is the responsibility of the developers to provide the required information. Before sending the environmental statement to the Secretary of State, in Wales, the National Assembly, it has be ensured that there should be no conflict or disagreement betwee n the developer and the planning authority. It is the duty of the developers to see at the early stage that whether the assessment environmental impact is needed in any other European Community Directive like the Habitat Directive, the integrated pollution and control directive or the control of Major hazards Directive. The stages of EIA of UK are, Screening, Scoping, Preparation of Environmental statement, Making planning application and consultation and finally decision making (Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK, 2017). Environmental impact assessment of Seismic operations on Otway Basin Otway basin South Australia is a region in South Australia that is a rich source for petroleum, the petroleum province covers both onshore and offshore parts of South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. From early 1960s, seismic explorations have occurred in the basin, it has been the primary tool for petroleum. In the last 15 years initiatives were taken for raising awareness for environment, management in petroleum exploration and technological improvements. Description of seismic operations The seismic activities lets the explorer, to check the surface below and find the regions where the oil and gas might have accumulated. The seismic technology requires energy sources like, vibrator trucks or buried explosive charges. Sound waves are caused by energy sources, these waves pass through the earth and are reflected back to the earth subsurface. The reflections are then recorded in digital format and then sent to the seismic data processing centre so that cross section of the layers of the earth crust is produced (Biswas Agarwal, 2013). Processes that creates risks for the natural environment Property management during surveys Most of the land in the South East region that is used for cultivated, cleared for pastoral, horticultural and agricultural needs. In order to conduct an effective survey there is a need for detailed interaction with the land users. There are short term impact that are caused by the vehicles that cross the pastoral and agricultural lands which can be prevented or minimized with the help of a proper communication with the land users. There are no such long tern impact. Activities in line preparation equipment Seismic operations need ground along the lines in order to make way for the vehicles to pass along and for better installation of geophones so that one can get satisfactory outcomes. While carrying out the process the vegetation of the area has to be removed. The wheel tracks of the trucks cause ruts and soil compaction. The procedure of recording seismic data includes Planning, surveying, campsites, recording, weathering layer, line checking and line preparation. Operation of drilling equipment Large vehicles like, drilling rigs and water trucks that operate along the seismic lines and drill holes to depths of up to 30 m in the Otway Basin. If the depth has to be as per Dilwyn Formation is less than what is required then there are chances that aquifer can be breached. If the holes are not cemented properly there are chances that large animals might injure their legs. Operation of energy sources Operational processes that includes vibrator trucks causes nuisance and dust pollution. Use of campsites Campsite operations are risky to the land as it causes pollution from the oil spills, septic tanks and rubbish. These are minor impact because the site can be replaced to another location (Glasson, Therivel Chadwick, 2013). Operations on public roads The vehicles used for seismic operations add to the local traffic thus adding to the pollution. There are risks to the public safety. Drilling activities Drilling activities cause soil disturbance and cause harm to the fauna because the holes are getting exposed due to the subsidence of tampering material. Fuel and oil spills Lubricating oils, hydraulic oils and fuels are elements that are required in daily operations, there are chances of oil and fuel spills, this occurs while refueling or servicing vehicles and when the vehicles breaks because of wear and tear (Bond et al., 2014). Crew vehicles and footwear New weeds are introduced along with other threats that occur in wherever there is presence of seismic crew in the natural environment. Impacts on social and economic environment Seismic operations cause disturbance to the local community and their resources are hampered, like the buildings are damaged due to the seismic activities. The movement of traffic is slowed because of the seismic lines crossing the public roads. Noise, air quality, groundwater pollution and diseases are some of the problems caused by seismic operations. If fire is not controlled it can cause severe damage to the community thus harming the lives of people and their resources. Other impact include disturbance to the aboriginal heritage, like archaeological and ethnographic. Cultural disturbances include, disturbances to geological monuments, buildings and community facilities (Bond et al., 2014). Disturbance caused to nearby lands Surveys do not cause long-lasting effect on a number of users of the nearby land during the seismic activities. The long-term impact is very less and it requires some rehabilitation. The impact can be reduced through consulting and cooperating with the land users. The impact depends upon the season and cycle of the agriculture. When there is cropping season the impact can be more severe, in harvesting season the crops can be affected by the pollution caused by seismic operations. Impact on forestry The forest owner has to decide how much of the land can be given for seismic operations. A significant increase in the areas that are planted with Tasmanian blue Gum with many non-local resident owners has caused difficulties, because the management requires space and operators as per the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000. A significant amount of impact can be seen in the vineyard operations and horticulture. Environmental Impact assessment of UK An example of similar project can be taken to understand the difference of the EIA process of South Australia and UK. The first stage of EIA is the Scoping and Consultation. In Shafag Asiman Offshore Block 3D seismic Exploration Survey of UK internal scoping was done first. Since the developers were BP and SOCAR, State oil company of Azerbaijan. BP. did the internal scoping. An Environemntal and Social screening workshop was also conducted on 31st August 2010. Representatives from both UK and Azerbaijan were present in the workshops. The main objective for conducting the workshop was to identify the social and environmental impacts associated with Shafag Asiman seismic survey activities. The next step the assessment was scoping and Consultation with Authorities. A public consultation meeting was also held in Baku in the month of September 2011. (Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK, 2017). Conclusion After comparing the procedure of Environmental Impact assessment of South Australia with that of UK it can be concluded that in the impact assessment process of UK is lot more detailed than South Australia. A lot of emphasis is given to the preliminary phases of the process. The local planning authority holds has the authority to accept or reject any proposal. Detailed information has to be given in the environmental impact statement. At times the developers are required to provide additional information if what provided is inadequate. While the EIA process of South Australia can be divided into three main stages, Referral, Approval and Assessment. The EIA of UK mainly tries to prevent complications in the later stages by focusing on the EIS in the initial stages. From the example of Shafag Asiman Seismic exploration, it is very clear that approach of UK and Azerbaijan for identifying the impacts were quite effective. Measures like internal scoping, environmental and social impact wo rkshops and public consultation were taken. These measures were intended to identify the impacts of the seismic exploration. Similar measures are required to be followed by the EIA authorities of South Australia with the help of the developers or any project. References Biswas, A. K., Agarwal, S. B. C. (Eds.). (2013).Environmental impact assessment for developing countries. Elsevier. Bond, A., Pope, J., Morrison-Saunders, A., Retief, F., Gunn, J. A. (2014). Impact assessment: Eroding benefits through streamlining?.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,45, 46-53. Deng, X., Hu, Y., Deng, Y., Mahadevan, S. (2014). Environmental impact assessment based on D numbers.Expert Systems with Applications,41(2), 635-643. Environmental Impact Assessment - GOV.UK. (2017).Gov.uk. Retrieved 10 November 2017, from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/environmental-impact-assessment Glasson, J., Therivel, R., Chadwick, A. (2013).Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. How major development applications are assessed. (2017).sa.gov.au. Retrieved 5 November 2017, from https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/land-and-property-development/building-and-property-development-applications/major-development-applications-and-assessments/how-major-development-applications-are-assessed Smith, L. G. (2014).Impact assessment and sustainable resource management. Routledge. Vanclay, F. (2015). Changes in the impact assessment family 20032014: implications for considering achievements, gaps and future directions.Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management,17(01), 1550003. Xia, T., Nitschke, M., Zhang, Y., Shah, P., Crabb, S., Hansen, A. (2015). Traffic-related air pollution and health co-benefits of alternative transport in Adelaide, South Australia.Environment international,74, 281-290.

Miss Selfridge Fashion Forecasting Report free essay sample

Textile trade fairs confirmed the choices made for the seasons` prints and fabrics, also enabling Miss Selfridge to collect unique, affordable additions to its range and at the same time follow the styles invented by reputable fashion designers. The high street trading environment was closely analysed according to the PEST factors. According to the survey and this analysis the main competitor of Miss Selfridge was Zara and River Island, both of which target the same customers and have very similar price range. In this competitive economic environment making the right decisions were crucial to the success and survival of the business. After all of the resources were taken into consideration three trends were chosen to represent the Miss Selfridge style in 2012. While the target customer for this company is in her 20s, these trends have the potential to bring in a wider customer range because they are very versatile and different. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Selfridge Fashion Forecasting Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Choosing three trends instead of one also gave an advantage to Miss Selfridge compared to other retailers; it enabled the company to develop an affordable yet diverse range which is based on multiple styles and colours from the catwalk. The chosen trends were Amazon Queen (for customers aged 18-40, Hand Made (for all ages) and Colour Coated (for the daring fashionistas aged under 30). The colours are the essence of the spring summer season in 2012. As Leatrice Eiseman, the executive director of the Pantone Colour Institute said : â€Å" consumers look to spring for renewed energy, optimism and the promise of a brighter day. â€Å" This is especially true in London as the great island does not often get a sunny weather. Miss Selfridge`s colour palette will deliver in every aspect, and while it follows the â€Å"catwalk shades† it will incorporate some new hues that will make the range unique /bright magenta, tangerine, amazon green/. The garments follow the silhouettes seen on the fashion weeks, the signature styles are asymmetric hemlines, rounded shoulders, cropped tops and hot pants. The skirts are either skin tight or light weight and flowing. To give the company a competitive edge, this year Miss Selfridge was advised to focus on a new, unique selling point: the use of British textiles and resources. The fabrics used for the new trends should be sourced locally with minimal travel undertaken, therefore reducing pollution to the environment and advertise sustainable living and eco-fashion. As the brand launched a major initiative named â€Å"Fashion Footprints† in 2007 this will serve as a great reminder that Miss Selfridge is an eco-conscious retailer. This will draw attention to the company again and will attract very different-minded, completely new customers. Making profit As the business environment is constantly changing every company that wants to be successful and make profit needs to understand and examine the three components of market evolution: the way in which customers adopt new products, the evolution and acceptance of technology and the impact of competition. Brassington, 2006, p. 350/ The lifecycle of a product changes according to the changes in customer behaviour so predicting and anticipating the target audience`s reaction is crucial. The concept of the diffusion of innovation (Rogers, 1962) analyse the speed at which a new innovation – product – sweeps across the market as a whole. It is also very effective in the classificatio n of customers depending on their speed of adoption. For Miss Selfridge the Innovators are the â€Å"shopaholic fashion followers†, who devote time and money to achieve the â€Å"just off the catwalk† look when the new season starts. Innovators are not the usual high street shoppers; they belong to a high social class with financial background to afford often couture, designer items. They are going help to get the product off the ground and in the process of gaining acceptance. They are the first â€Å"adverts† for the spring summer styles of 2012. Miss Selfridge`s Early adopters are the mid-20s high shoppers who are enthusiastic about fashion and while buying designer items they also visit high street stores. All the 3 trend developed will appeal to these customers who will have a major role in maximizing profit. They are also the ones who spread word-of-mouth recommendations about value, quality and benefits and together with the innovators they are the best advertisement for the company. The developed trends will thrive as the mass market builds up with the Early majority customers entering the process. By this time the season`s and Miss Selfridge`s new prints, fabrics and fashion forward styles will be well known which creates a social pressure: customers who are yet to invest in the season`s new hits will want to have them soon and will not be likely to wait until the prices come down. According to the results of the survey that Miss Selfridge conducted most of its customers belongs to this category. According to careful prediction the percentage of the company`s Late majority customers will be very low this season due to the affordable pricing and tempting, sleek designs. By the time the Late adopters enter the market and most of the sales begin Miss Selfridge will be in the process of developing and presenting the next season`s lines and the whole circle begins again. The adoption process models of Rogers (1962 and 1983) and Robertson (1971) reflect the psychological process that each customers go through when choosing an innovation. This is the process that all the customers – innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority – have in common. According to Roger`s theory the customer first gains KNOWLEDGE ( same as the stage AWARENESS in Roger`s 1962 model). Without this no product has any chance of surviving. For the Innovators this usually happens at the season`s first fashion shows or exhibitions.